By far the most limiting factor in making CBTI widely available is the shortage of trained clinicians. Still, despite evidence that sleep disturbances are a modifiable threat to psychological and physical health, the use of evidence-based behavioral sleep treatments remains limited. Furthermore, these behavioral treatments are often preferred by patients and have been shown to have both short-term and long-term efficacy with few apparent adverse effects. Recently, studies have found that behavioral treatments such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI) can be as effective as pharmacological treatments. BZRA and other pharmacological treatments however, may lead to dependence and substance abuse. Hypnotic agents such as benzodiazepine receptor agonist (BZRA) drugs, are widely available, easy to use, and have rapid and sustained efficacy. In general, there are two types of treatment for insomnia: pharmacological and behavioral. Since insomnia poses serious mental and physical health hazards, developing more efficacious treatment options is imperative. Diagnostic rates of insomnia however-based on criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) -range between 5%-20% in the general adult population and 20%-30% in primary care medical settings. Approximately 30% of adults in the United States have at least one of the symptoms of insomnia. ![]() Defined as “a difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and non-restorative sleep,” insomnia can contribute to further symptoms upon waking such as fatigue, impaired concentration, and mood disturbance.
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